苏皖区域方言语法共同特征研究

柴禾妞

作者：王健
现代汉语02级博士
学科：汉语言文字学
导师：袁毓林
来源：http://chinese.pku.edu.cn/

提 要

本文从区域语言学的角度描写、分析苏皖两省境内的吴语、徽语和江淮方言的五种语法现象，比较不同方言点的异同，探讨它们之间的关系。
在某一个地域内，不同的方言往往会形成一些共同的聚合特征，这些特征可能是同源关系造成的；也可能是长期接触形成的；还可能是平行发展的结果。研究这些聚合特征，对于了解方言分化的历史、区域的变迁、类型的演变、融合的程度都具有十分重要的意义。这样的聚合特征一般称作“区域特征”。我们从以苏州话为代表的吴语和以北京话为代表的北方话在语法上具有类型差异这一工作假设入手，选取若干项在苏州话和北京话中具有典型的类型对立或差异的特征在苏皖两省进行广泛的、客观的田野调查，结果表明该区域的上述特征多属苏州话型而不属北京话型。
本文选取的“区域特征”包括：三种动态范畴（进行体、持续体、存续体）的表现形式；苏州话表体貌的“脱”及在各方言中的对应成分；量词独用现象；跟动词重叠有关的几种句法语义现象；跟数量词连用的词缀“头”。
第一章交代了研究背景和工作思路。选择苏皖（吴语、徽语和江淮方言）地区作为研究对象是因为这一地区的三大方言历史上有密切的关系，地理上又连成一片，在很多语法项目的表现上有内部的一致性。而且，由于方言之间发展的不平衡，不同方言点的具体表现又有差异。探讨这些共性的源流和差异的形成是非常有意思的课题。
第二章描写了17个代表点三种动态范畴的具体表现，比较了它们的异同，并从历时的角度分析了广泛存在于三大方言区的一些动态范畴标记的来源。
第三章首先描写了苏州话表体貌的“脱”的句法语义特点，然后比较了其他16个点“脱”类成分的具体表现，最后根据不同的指标刻画了不同方言“脱”类成分语法化的等级。
第四章主要描写了广泛存在于苏皖地区的量词独用现象。量词独用现象大体可以分成两类，一类量词独用相当于“一+量”；还有一类量词独用有定指功能。本章还从历时角度探讨了跟量词独用有关的几个问题。
第五章研究的是动词重叠式在苏皖的特殊语义表达和句法组配格式。动词重叠在苏皖多数方言中除了可以表示短时少量外，还可以表示行为的伴随性或从属性；在句法组配上，有些方言动词重叠还可以带结果补语（VVCR），带趋向补语（VVCD），带处所介词结构（VV+PP），受单音节形容词修饰（AVV）。这些特殊句法组配格式基本只在吴语、徽语、江淮方言中分布，可能向我们昭示了古吴语的底层信息。
第六章描写了在苏皖地区分布的跟数量词连用的后缀“头1”，前缀“头2”，中缀“头3”。“头1”和“头2”在苏皖常见，其他方言区少见；“头3”则在其他官话方言区也有广泛分布。本文认为“头1”和“头2”可能跟古吴语底层有关，“头3”则可能与此无关。
第七章结语部分试图从理论上对区域语言学的方法在方言语法研究中的作用、苏皖方言底层问题、方言层次问题作一总结；本章最后还指出了本文的成绩和不足。

关键词：江苏 安徽 吴语 徽语 江淮方言 语法 共同特征

ABSTRACT

This dissertation describes and compares five grammatical phenomena in the dialects of Wu, Hui and Jianghuai in the region of Jiangsu and Anhui. Besides this the dissertation discusses the relations among the dialects being described.
The different dialects in the same region are prone to forming some common phenomena which are ascribed to common source or long-timing contacting. And some common phenomena are the results of parallel developments. It is very important to study the common phenomena because we can get the information of the dialects’ history, the shift of dialect areas, the change of dialect typology from it. We start with the hypotheses that Wu dialect which is represented by Suzhou dialect has some differences with Mandarin which is represented by Beijing dialect in type. We choose some phenomena which can reflect the differences between Suzhou dialect and Beijing dialect to be the field-work items. We find that most of the places we investigate belong to Suzhou dialect type.
The common phenomena we describe include the behavior of three aspects, “脱tuo” which can denote aspect in Suzhou dialect and its corresponding words in other dialects, the classifiers which can act as sentence part without numerals or demonstrative pronouns, some special phenomena of syntax and semantics of duplicated verbs, the suffix “头tou” which can be used with numerals and classifiers.
Chapter one aims to introduce the background of this study and the idea of this dissertation. What is the reason that the dialects in Jiangsu and Anhui region share the common phenomena? Maybe because they share the common source, according to most of scholars. Besides this we think there are other factors to work.
We describe the aspectual markers of three aspects in 17 places which cover with the dialects of Wu, Hui and Jianghuai in Jiangsu and Anhui region in chapter two. We also try to the find the origins of the markers diachronically.
We describe the use of “脱tuo” which is in Suzhou dialect in chapter three firstly. Then we compare the other corresponding words in other dialects with each other. Finally I arrange the grammaticalization ranks of the words according to different rules.
In some places of Jiangsu and Anhui region, some of classifiers which can act as sentence part without numerals or demonstrative pronouns. We discuss something about this phenomenon in chapter four.
Duplicated verbs which have special syntax performance can express some special meaning in Wu, Hui and Jianghuai dialects. We will describe the phenomenon in chapter five.
“头tou” can act as prefix to express the meaning of approximate number, and also can act as postfix of classifiers in most of Jiangsu and Anhui area. In some places the infix “头tou” is common too. The suffix “头tou” is the study object in chapter six.
The last chapter tries to summarize the value of areal linguistics in the study of Chinese dialects. And we also discuss the understratum of Hui and Jianghuai dialects. The stratum problem is also involved in this chapter.


Key words: Jiangsu; Anhui; Wu dialect; Hui dialect; Jianghuai dialect; grammar; common phenomena