中国古钱币的形制和名称
来源：中国收藏网 2006-12-11 20:05:55古代货币形制十分复杂，仅用作货币的的币材就不下几十种，如铜、铅、铁、金、银、玉、龟、贝、牲畜、皮革、谷帛、纸张等。但沿袭几千年的基本形态是方孔圆形铜钱，其标准式样是西汉元狩五铢、上林三官钱及唐初开元通宝，轻重适中，重约4克，肉好皆有周郭。此外也有圆形圆孔、圆形无孔、铲形、刀形、长方形（钱牌）、不规则椭圆形等形式。同一钱形，又有大小、轻重、成分、质料、版别、钱面文字、钱背符号、有郭或无郭、重轮、重好、四出、决文、传形等区别，有合背、合面、剪边、磨边、对读、旋读、复文等不同情况，按钱币性质分，又有记重钱、记值钱、年号钱、国号钱、记号钱、纪年钱、镇库钱、纪数钱、厌胜钱、庙宇钱、撒帐钱、罗汉钱、对钱、母钱、祖钱、开炉钱、样钱等，这些情况又时有两种以上并存现象，名目繁多，不胜枚举。至于钱币鉴定和文物考古方面所定的专门分类，那就更多了。
铜钱最普通的形制是小平钱，即一文小钱，又称平钱，它是使用铜钱时代的最小货币单位，其直径约2.4—2.5厘米，重约3—4克，又有折二、折三、折五、当十、当二十、当三十、当四十、当五十甚至当百、当千大钱。
一些形制较为特殊的钱币，或为特殊用途，或出于私铸恶钱，或出于错范误铸，这就造成了一些正用币中较为珍稀的品种和非正用通货的纪念性钱币和宗教用钱币等，例如：
厌胜钱：也叫压胜钱，是一种具有避凶取吉含义的钱币，钱上有吉语、符咒、人物、动物、林木花草各种图案花纹，相当于一种护身符。
佩钱：广义地说也是一种厌胜钱，作佩带之用，一般有各种花纹、吉语、人名、官名等。
洗儿钱：贺人生育子女的赠钱。
撒帐钱：婚礼上分发的赏钱称为撒帐钱。
这些用于节日、婚娶、生育、新友间互相馈赠以及宫中庆功赏赐的特殊的纪念性钱币统称吉庆赏钱，区别于一般正式流通的正用钱。
供养钱：寺观内用作供品的钱币，一般藏于佛像腹中或悬于佛龛之旁。
雕母：铸钱前先用铜、锡、铅、牙木等材料雕成的第一枚钱币样品，又称祖钱、雕祖。
母钱：翻铸时作范型翻铸的铜钱。
铁范铜：以铁钱范型翻铸的铜钱。
铁母：铸铁钱的铜质母钱。
样钱：试铸及初铸的样版钱。
对钱：对品钱。钱文、轮郭、大小、厚薄、铜质等相同，惟采用不同的书体，但字形笔势仍互相吻合，又称和合钱，始于南唐，盛于两宋。
剪轮钱：周边被剪去或磨去的钱币。
綖环钱：铜钱剪去内圈只剩下外圈。
传形钱：钱文反写，文字地位也随之颠倒的错范钱，原在右者反在左，原在左者反在右。
合背钱：浇铸时误用两件面范造成正反两面都有相同钱文。
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