秦公大墓石磬残铭考释

虎子

作者：王辉、焦南锋、马振智
来源：青藤书屋

      陕西省凤翔县南指挥村秦公一号大墓出土有铭石磬多枚（已残，估计原先最少有三套），经缀合后共有铭文26条，206字（包括重文6字）。这批磬铭对研究春秋时期秦国历史、文化以及秦系文字演变情况，意义至关重大。磬铭最长的一条为「（汤汤）（厥）商。百乐咸奏，允乐孔煌。虎（鉏鋙）入，又（有）（）羕（漾）。天子匽喜，龚（共）（桓）是嗣。高阳又（有）（灵），四方以（宓）平。……」。「商」为七音之一，「百乐」乃各种乐器，诸乐合奏，又有鉏鋙止乐，足见秦乐演奏程式之完备，秦人之好乐。磬铭称秦公燕喜周天子，得其认可，继共、桓二公大统，再结合「唯四年八月初吉甲申」（元前573年八月初二或初三）的铭文，可断定大墓墓主为秦景公。磬铭有「□□宜政」，即宜于主持国家政务，我们由之推定磬乃秦景公四年亲政祭祖、祭天之物。磬铭关乎景公即位的合法性，故以之随葬。磬铭提到秦人始生祖颛顼（高阳），提到「上帝」，「作（极）配天」，皆为祭祀对象；「□寝龚雍，四方穆穆」、「雍雍孔煌」，乃庄重、肃穆、敬和之祭祀气氛；「□灵□」，即吉玉，为祭祀所用之玉；「□□百姓，□□寝宫」，为祭祀地点及助祭者；「（申）用无疆」乃祭祀目的：祈求国祚无限。由磬铭可以考见春秋晚期周秦关系相当密切，亦可知秦文化深受周人影响。磬铭文字与传世秦公钟、民国初年天水出土秦公簋接近，可为二器断代提供佐证。磬铭称「允龢又（有）灵」，亦为研究编磬的发展史及中国刻石的起源问题提出了新的课题。

A Study of the Inscriptions on the Ch’ing (磬) from the Tomb of a Duke of Ch’in
Wang Hui, Jiao Nan-feng and Ma Zheng-zhi
Shaanxi Archaeology Institute, Shaanxi Historical Museum

The excavation of the tomb of a Duke of ch’in in Nan-chih-hui 南指挥 village of Feng-hsiang county, Shensi province, uncovered a large number of inscribed stone ch’ing. (The ch’ing are damaged, but originally there must have been at least three sets.) Mending of the remains resulted in 26 passages, totaling 206 characters. This group of stone ch’ing inscriptions is of utmost importance for the study of the history and culture of the state of Ch’in during the Spring and Autumn period and for the study of changes in the Ch’in version of the character script.

The longest complete passage of the stone ch’ing inscriptions reveals that the owner of the tomb is Duke Ching of Ch’in. From the passage we derive that the ch’ing date from Duke Ching’s sacrifices to Heaven and to his ancestors during his capping ritual in the fourth year of his reign. The inscriptions on the stone ch’ing relate to the legitimacy of Duke Ching’s enthronement and hence they have been buried with him.

From these stone ch’ing inscriptions we learn that the states of Chou and Ch’in maintained very close relations during the late Spring and Autumn periods and it also becomes clear that the Chou deeply influenced Ch’in culture. The script on the stone ch’ing is roughly contemporary to that found on the Ch’in-kung chung 秦公钟 and to that in the Ch’in-kung kuei 秦公簋 unearthed in Tien-shui, and thus the stone ch’ing can fill in lacunae left by the inscriptions on these two objects. Moreover, the phrase “harmonious, they possess efficacious sound” raised new questions about the development of stone ch’ing and about the origins of Chinese stone engraving.