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发表于 2003-12-24 11:27:39
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<font color="#FFFF00"><span class="en">Santa Claus — 圣诞传说 ( I )</span></font></div>
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<td vAlign="top"> <p style="text-indent: 30"><font color="#FFFFFF"><span class="en">
He is generally depicted as a fat, jolly man with a white beard,
dressed in a red suit trimmed with white, and driving a sleigh full
of toys drawn through the air by eight reindeer. Santa (also called
Saint Nicholas and Saint Nick) is said to visit on Christmas Eve,
entering houses through the chimney to leave presents under the
Christmas tree and in the stockings of all good children. Although
this familiar image of Santa Claus is a North American invention of
the 19th century, it has ancient European roots and continues to
influence the celebration of Christmas throughout the world.</span></font></p>
<p align="center"><font color="#FFFF00"><span class="en">Origins of
the Legend</span></font></p>
<p style="text-indent: 30"><font color="#FFFFFF"><span class="en">
The historical Saint Nicholas was venerated in early Christian
legend for saving storm-tossed sailors, defending young children,
and giving generous gifts to the poor. Although many of the stories
about Saint Nicholas are of doubtful authenticity (for example, he
is said to have delivered a bag of gold to a poor family by tossing
it through a window), his legend spread throughout Europe,
emphasizing his role as a traditional bringer of gifts. The
Christian figure of Saint Nicholas replaced or incorporated various
pagan gift-giving figures such as the Roman Befana and the Germanic
Berchta and Knecht Ruprecht. The saint was called Sankt Nikolaus in
Germany and Sanct Herr Nicholaas or Sinter Klaas in Holland. In
these countries Nicholas was sometimes said to ride through the sky
on a horse. He was depicted wearing a bishop"s robes and was said to
be accompanied at times by Black Peter, an elf whose job was to whip
the naughty children.</span></font></p>
<p style="text-indent: 30"><font color="#FFFFFF"><span class="en">
The feast day of Nicholas, when presents were received, was
traditionally observed on December 6. After the Reformation , German
Protestants encouraged veneration of the Christkindl (Christ child)
as a gift giver on his own feast day, December 25. When the Nicholas
tradition prevailed, it became attached to Christmas itself. Because
the saint"s life is so unreliably documented, Pope Paul VI ordered
the feast of Saint Nicholas dropped from the official Roman Catholic
calendar in 1969. The term Christkindl evolved to Kriss Kringle,
another nickname for Santa Claus. Various other European Christmas
gift givers were more or less similar to Saint Nicholas: Pere Noel
in France, Julenisse in Scandinavia, and Father Christmas in
England. <br>
American Origins</span></font></p>
<p style="text-indent: 30"><font color="#FFFFFF"><span class="en">
The American version of the Santa Claus figure received its
inspiration and its name from the Dutch legend of Sinter Klaas,
brought by settlers to New York in the 17th century. As early as
1773 the name appeared in the American press as St. A Claus, but it
was the popular author Washington Irving who gave Americans their
first detailed information about the Dutch version of Saint
Nicholas. In his History of New York, published in 1809 under the
pseudonym Diedrich Knickerbocker, Irving described the arrival of
the saint on horseback (unaccompanied by Black Peter) each Eve of
Saint Nicholas. This Dutch-American Saint Nick achieved his fully
Americanized form in 1823 in the poem A Visit From Saint Nicholas,
more commonly known as The Night Before Christmas, by writer Clement
Clarke Moore. Moore included such details as the names of the
reindeer; Santa Claus"s laughs, winks, and nods; and the method by
which Saint Nicholas, referred to as an elf, returns up the chimney.
(Moore"s phrase "lays his finger aside of his nose" was drawn
directly from Irving"s 1809 description. <br>
The American image of Santa Claus was further elaborated by
illustrator Thomas Nast , who depicted a rotund Santa for Christmas
issues of Harper"s magazine from the 1860s to the 1880s. Nast added
such details as Santa"s workshop at the North Pole and Santa"s list
of the good and bad children of the world. A human-sized version of
Santa Claus, rather than the elf of Moore"s poem, was depicted in a
series of illustrations for Coca-Cola advertisements introduced in
1931. In modern versions of the Santa Claus legend, only his
toy-shop workers are elves. Rudolph, the ninth reindeer, with a red
and shiny nose, was invented in 1939 by an advertising writer for
the Montgomery Ward Company.</span></font></p>
<p align="center"><font color="#FFFF00"><span class="en">Modern
Influences</span></font></p>
<p style="text-indent: 30" align="center"><font color="#FFFFFF"><span class="en">
The fully detailed modern image of Santa Claus plays a part in
Christmas celebrations around the world. People are reminded of
Santa Claus through advertising, greeting cards, decorations, and
the annual appearance of Santas in department stores and shopping
malls (in some cases accompanied by Mrs. Claus and Santa"s elves).
The figure of Santa Claus occurs in motion pictures, for example
Miracle on 34th Street, and in songs such as Santa Claus Is Coming
to Town, (1932) and Here Comes Santa Claus, (1947). Children write
letters to Santa Claus and set out milk and cookies on Christmas Eve
as a snack for Santa. </span></font></p>
<p style="text-indent: 30" align="left"><span class="en"><font color="#FFFFFF">
Although most adults view Santa as the embodiment of a spirit of
giving, some argue that the modern image of Santa Claus conflicts
with the true meaning of Christmas and promotes greed and
commercialism. To reconcile the legend of Santa Claus with the
religious significance of Christmas, some Christians emphasize that
the modern figure is derived from legends about a saint who
symbolized love, caring, and generosity. </font> </span></p>
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<p align="center"><span class="en"><font color="#FFFF00">The
Christmas Tree — 圣诞传说 ( II )</font></span></p>
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<td vAlign="bottom"><font color="#FFFFFF"> The Christmas
Tree probably developed in part from the aradise
Tree.?This tree was an evergreen decorated with apples
used in a popular play about Adam and Eve held on December
24 in medieval Germany. By 1605, some Germans decorated
their homes with evergreens for Christmas. They trimmed
the trees with fruits, nuts, lighted candles, and paper
roses. Later decorations included painted eggshells,
cookies, and candies.<br>
The first Christmas trees in the United States were used
in the early </font></td>
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<td vAlign="top" colSpan="2"><font color="#FFFFFF">1800"s
by German settlers in Pennsylvania. During the mid-1800"s,
the custom of trimming Christmas trees spread rapidly
throughout the world. Today, some form of Christmas tree
is part of every Christmas celebration. Decorations
include tinsel, bright ornaments, and candy canes. A star
is mounted on top of many Christmas trees and other
Christmas displays. It represents the star that led the
wise men to the stable in Bethlehem where Jesus was born.</font></td>
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