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周秦汉晋方言研究史(博士学位论文)
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论文题目:周秦汉晋方言研究史(华东师大2001届博士学位论文)
作者简介:华学诚,男,1957年08月出生,1998年09月师从于华东师范大学李玲璞教授,于2001年07月获博士学位。
摘 要:
本课题是汉语方言学史的断代研究,全文包括《绪论》在内共十章,约35万字。
在《绪论》中主要表述了如下观点:原始汉语形成的同时也形成了原始汉语方言;分化和同化是汉语方言最初形成的两种基本方式。后来方言的源头是有文献记载的先秦方言,方言概念形成于先秦,表达方言概念的词语产生于西汉,“方言”一词出现于东汉。古代的方言研究按照它本身所形成的阶段性特点可以分为周秦汉晋、南北朝至唐宋、元明、清至民初等四个时期。罗常培的《汉语方音研究小史》是汉语方言学史学科草创的标志。汉语方言学史的研究从总体上来说还很薄弱,加强这方面的研究,对于汉语言文字学各分支学科的建设都有重要意义。
先秦是汉语方言学的发轫阶段,本文第二章讨论这一阶段的方言研究内容。我国从三代起,方言的调查与采集就有了制度上的保证,本文从汉人的记载以及古代的诗歌收集制度和《周礼》中对有关官职职掌的描述三个方面作了论证。周秦时期的思想界对方言已有所认识,本文从先秦文献的零星记载中透析了这一问题,并认为他们对语言的地域差异和大的方言区域已有了粗略的认识,对方言的形成和方言与雅言的关系已有了一定程度的探讨,关于语言教学和方言的关系也已有了相当科学的见解。成书于战国末年的《尔雅》收释了一定数量的方俗异语词,本章对此作了重点考证和分析,主要论及《尔雅》方言词的考证鉴别方法、《尔雅》方言词的词彙特点、《尔雅》方言词的训释方式和《尔雅》方言词的地域分布等内容。
西汉是汉语方言学的建立阶段,其标志就是扬雄《方言》的出现,本文第三、四、五章集中讨论了扬雄《方言》。关于扬雄的生平与《方言》的著作权,《方言》的书名、内容和体例,《方言》所呈现的方言区划,《方言》对《尔雅》的继承和发展,《方言》的语言学价值以及《方言》在语言学史上的地位和影响等成果较为成熟的内容,本文以综述为主,而对《方言》中所蕴含的方音材料,扬雄的思想和语言观,特别是《方言》中的“奇字”问题,则进行了重点讨论,甚至辟专章论述。
东汉至魏晋是汉语方言学古典传统基本形成的阶段,其主要标志有两个,一是扬雄以当代口语方言为研究对象的精神至郭璞而得到继承,二是辞书和经注引证方言的文献方言学得到进一步发展。本文第六、七、八、九、十章讨论这一阶段的方言研究内容。六、七两章讨论汉代辞书中的方言研究,《小尔雅》、《通俗文》、《释名》的方言研究成果都列有专节讨论,《说文》方言研究成就的分析则列有专章。汉代辞书中的方言研究比此前有几个重要的发展,一是注重方言地域分布的描写,二是开始注意方音的记载,三是孕育了方言文字学。第八章讨论汉代经籍传注中的方言研究,除了宏观的描述之外,还专题讨论了王逸的《楚辞章句》、何休的《公羊传解诂》、郑玄的《三礼注》、《毛诗笺》和高诱的《吕氏春秋注》、《淮南子注》。由于以往这方面的研究较少,本文在重视宏观考察的同时,加强了微观分析。从内容上看,汉代经籍传注中的方言研究较之以前有两点发展,一是开始注意方音的描写,二是涉及到一些语法的内容。九、十两章讨论魏晋时期的方言研究,除了对宏观情况的描述之外,专题讨论了陆玑的《毛诗草木疏》,重点讨论了郭璞的方言研究。本文认为周秦时期萌芽的方言研究,经西汉文献学家、小学家的努力,初步建立起汉语方言研究的范式,即口语方言学和文献方言学,而这种范式至魏晋基本定型,并确立了它的古典传统。
Abstract
This book is a dynastic research on the history of the Chinese dialectology. It falls into ten chapters, including the introduction, with over 350,000 words.
In the introduction part , it is made clear that the primitive Chinese dialects evolve with the primitive Chinese. Assimilation and differentiation are the two basic forms that contribute to the formation of the primitive Chinese dialects. The first written dialect can date back to the era before the Qin Dynasty(221-206 B.C), and the concept of dialects is formed in the Qin Dynasty. The words to express the concept of dialects first appear in the Western Han Dynasty (206 B.C-A.D.24), and the exact word of “dialect” comes into existence in the Eastern Han Dynasty (25-220). The ancient studies on dialects can be divided into four periods according to the features of each period. The first period lasts from the Zhou Dynasty (1100-771 B.C) through Qin, Han(206-B.C-A.D.220) and Jing Dynasties (265-420); the second period from the South and North Dynasties (420-589) to Tang (618-907) and Song (960-1279) Dynasties; the third period from the Yuan Dynasty (1206-1368) to Ming Dynasty(1368-1644); and the last period from the Qing Dynasty (1616-1911) to the early twentieth century. The Concise History of the Chinese Phonetics Studies by Luo Changpei is the first milestone in the history of the Chinese dialectology , which marks the beginning of the study as an independent discipline . On the whole , it is still weak, and demands our further efforts. An in-depth research is of practical significance to the development of the branches of Chinese linguistics.
The era before the Qin Dynasty is the embryo period of the Chinese dialectology, which is the focus of chapter 2. Beginning from the three dynasties- Xia (2205-1782 B.C.), Shang (1800-1100 B.C.) and Zhou , the survey and data collection of dialects has been ensured from the system. This chapter attempts to verify with the documents of Hans, the ancient system of poetry collection and the descriptions of official titles in Zhou Li (Courtesies of the Zhou Dynasty). The academic community began to notice the dialects in the Zhou and Qin Dynasties. This has been confirmed by the scarce literature of the era before the Qin Dynasty, from which we know that the academic community at that time not only had some knowledge of the regional differences of the language and the territories of major dialects, but also studied the evolution of dialects the relations between the “Ya Yan”(standard form) and dialects, and the relations between language and dialects. Er Ya(containing commentaries on classics and names) written in the last years of Warring States (475-221 B.C.) is a collection of the language variants and idioms. Chapter 2 covers the verification methods, features, and the geographical distribution of language variants in Er Ya.
The Western Han Dynasty sees the establishment of the Chinese dialectology as a discipline. Dialect by Yang Xiong is a milestone, and this is also the focus of Chapters 3、4 and 5. A summary is provided on the life of Yang Xiong, the copyright of the book the name contents and layout of the book, the geographical distribution of dialects, the heritage and development of the book from Er Ya, the linguistic value of the book from Er Ya, and its position and influence in the history of linguistics. Detailed discussions can be found on the phonetic date of the book, Yang Xiong’s ideas and linguistic philosophy, and the “Qi Zi”(strange characters) of the book in particular.
The classic dialectology is basically formed in the period from the Eastern Han to Jing Dynasty, which is marked by two events. The first is that the tradition of Yang Xiong’s study on oral dialects has been inherited; and the second is that the literature dialectology focused on dictionaries and notes has made a great progress. Chapters 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 discuss the contents of dialectology in that period. To be specific, Chapters 6 and 7 focus on the studies of dialects in the dictionaries of the Han Dynasty. In-depth discussion is provided on the academic achievements of Little Er Ya, Popular Language, and Interpretation of Names, and a chapter is devoted to the analysis of the achievements of Shuo Wen Jie Zi. Compared with the previous periods, the dialectology in the Han Dynasty has experienced a major development. It begins to focus on the description of geographical distribution of dialects, and recording of their phonetic sounds. In the meantime, the dialect written linguistics is established. Chapter 8 provides a macro description of the commentaries and notes of the Han Dynasty on studies of dialects. Particular attention has been given to the discussion on Punctuation of Chu Ci by Wang Yi , Interpreting the Biography of Gong Yang by He Xiu, Notes to Three Courtesies and Commentaries on the Book of Odes (edited by Mao Heng) by Zheng Xuan, and Notes to Lu Shi Chun Qiu and Notes to Huai Nan Zi by Gao You. As little research has been done in this field, we go at great length in this chapter, with a focus on the microanalysis. From the perspective of the content, the commentaries and notes of the Han Dynasty have begun the description of the phonetic sounds of dialects, and covered part of the grammar. Chapter 9 and 10 are devoted to the dialectology in the Jing Dynasty. In addition to a macro description, an in-depth discussion is provided on Notes to the Book of Odes by Lu Ji, and the studies by Guo Pu. We believe that the Chinese dialectology is in bud in the Zhou and Qin Dynasties, and its model (i.e. oral dialectology and literature dialectology) is initiated in the Western Han Dynasty through the efforts of literature scholars and novelists. In the Jing Dynasty, the model is in shape, and the tradition of classics is thus formed. |
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