[1]
J‧ P‧ Mallory and D‧ Q‧ Adams, Encyclopedia of Indo─European Culture, pp‧ 625─628‧
[2]
J‧ A‧ Bakker et al, The earliest Evidence of Wheeled Vehicles in Europe and the Near East‧
[3]
J‧ A‧ Bakker et al, The earliest Evidence of Wheeled Vehicles in Europe and the Near East‧
[4]
S‧ Piggott, The Earliest Wheeled Transport: From the Atlantic Coast to the Caspian Sea, pp‧41─42‧
[5]
A‧ Sherratt, Plough and Pastoralism; S‧ Piggott, The Earliest Wheeled Transport: From the Atlantic Coast to the Caspian Sea, pp‧45─46,
[6]
A‧ Sherratt, Plough and Pastoralism; S‧ Piggott, The Earliest Wheeled Transport: From the Atlantic Coast to the Caspian Sea, pp‧38,42-43,45─47‧
[7]
J‧ A‧ Bakker 等人所著的 The earliest Evidence of Wheeled Vehicles in Europe and the Near East一文對這些車輪模型有較全面
的介紹。
[8]
D‧ W‧ Anthony, Horse,Wagon & Chaiot: Indo─European Language and Archaeology‧
[9]
J‧ P‧ Mallory and D‧ Q‧ Adams, Encyclopedia of Indo─European Culture, p‧ 626‧
[10]
孫機:〈中國古代馬車的繫駕法〉。
[11]
邱克:《中國交通史論》,第22頁。
[12]
史四維:〈木輪形式和作用的演變〉。
[13]
S‧ Piggott, The Earliest Wheeled Transport: From the Atlantic Coast to the Caspian Sea, pp‧51-52。
[14]
A‧ Sherratt, Two New Finds of Wooden Wheels from Later Neolithic and Early Brozen Age Europe‧
[15]
史四維:〈木輪形式和作用的演變〉。
[16]
S‧ Piggott, The Earliest Wheeled Transport: From the Atlantic Coast to the Caspian Sea, pp‧49-50。
[17]
J‧ P‧ Mallory and D‧ Q‧ Adams, Encyclopedia of Indo─European Culture, p‧ 626‧
[18]
M‧ Gimbutas, The Prehistory of Eastern Europe, pt‧1, Published by the Peabody Museum, 1956,pp‧ 78─79,pl‧ 16; S‧ Piggott, The Earliest Wheeled Transport: From the Atlantic Coast to the Caspian Sea, pp‧55-56。
[19]
J‧ P‧ Mallory and D‧ Q‧ Adams, Encyclopedia of Indo─European Culture, p‧ 40‧
[20]
關於木頭紋理及車輪力學原理的研究,參閱史四維的〈木輪形式和作用的演變〉。
[21]
S‧ Piggott, The Earliest Wheeled Transport: From the Atlantic Coast to the Caspian Sea, pp‧85-86‧
[23]
吉布塔等人的觀點可參閱他們在《當代人類學》(Current Anthropology)1986年第27卷第4期上對安東尼文章的評論以及1988年第29卷第3期上對倫夫魯(C‧ Renfrew)所著《考古學與語言學》(Archaeology and Language)一書的評論。
[24]
上述安東尼的觀點,參見其所著The “Kurgan Culture,” Indo─European Origins, and the Domestication of the Horse, Migration in Archaeology和〈騎馬的起源〉等文章。
[25]
D‧W‧ Anthony, Eneolithic Horse Exploitation in the Eurasian Steppes: diet, ritual and riding‧
[26]
邱克:《中國交通史論》,第21頁;鄭若葵:〈論中國古代馬車的淵源〉。
[27]
史四維:〈木輪形式和作用的演變〉。
[28]
Current Anthropology, Vol‧ 29, No‧ 3, 1988, p‧443‧
[29]
S‧ Piggott, The Earliest Wheeled Transport: From the Atlantic Coast to the Caspian Sea, p‧86。
[30]
史四維:〈木輪形式和作用的演變〉。
[31]
J‧ P‧ Mallory and D‧ Q‧ Adams, Encyclopedia of Indo─European Culture, pp‧ 520─521, 627─628; S‧ Piggott, The Earliest Wheeled Transport: From the Atlantic Coast to the Caspian Sea, pp‧ 91─92。
[32]
S‧ Piggott, The Earliest Wheeled Transport: From the Atlantic Coast to the Caspian Sea, pp‧ 70-78,95─96。
[33]
S‧ Piggott, The Earliest Wheeled Transport: From the Atlantic Coast to the Caspian Sea, 1983, p‧ 93。
[34]
M‧A‧ Littauer & J‧H‧ Crouwel, The Origin of True Chariot;J‧ P‧ Mallory and D‧ Q‧ Adams, Encyclopedia of Indo─European Culture, p‧ 628‧
[35]
S‧ Piggott, The Earliest Wheeled Transport: From the Atlantic Coast to the Caspian Sea, pp‧ 78─80‧
[44]
E‧ Anati, Bronze Age Chariots from Europe, Proceedins of the Prehistorical Society, 1960,No‧ 4‧
[45]
蓋山林:〈蒙古高原青銅時代的車輛岩畫〉。
[46]
王恩田:〈輝縣趙固刻紋鑒圖說〉。
[47]
中國社會科學院考古研究所東北工作隊:〈內蒙古寧城縣南山根102號石槨墓〉。
[48]
孫機:〈中國古代馬車的繫駕法〉。
[49]
近來國外還有人提出,中文中一些與馬、車有關的詞匯也是從外來語中借入的。參見A‧ Lubotsky, Tocharian Loan Words in Old Chinese: Chariots, Chariot Great, and Town Building; J‧ Janhunen, The Horse in East Asia: Reviewing the Linguistic Evidence‧
[56]
E‧ L‧ Shaughnessy, Historical Perspectives on the Introduction of the Chariot into China, Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, Vol‧ 48, No‧ 1, 1988‧
[57]
《中國大百科全書》(考古學),第701頁。
[58]
袁靖、安家瑗:〈中國動物考古學研究的兩個問題〉。
[59]
王克林:〈騎馬民族文化的概念與緣起〉。
[60]
孫機:〈中國古代馬車的繫駕法〉。
[61]
J‧ P‧ Mallory and D‧ Q‧ Adams, Encyclopedia of Indo─European Culture, p‧ 627‧